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Trade barriers are government-imposed restraints on trade with other nations.

Trade barriers make international trade more difficult and expensive. They are typically implemented to protect domestic producers.

Trade barriers take the form of either tariffs or non-tariff barriers to trade.

Cambridge Dictionary defines a trade barrier as: “Something such as an import tax or a limit on the amount of goods that can be imported that makes international trade more difficult or expensive”

Tariffs

Tariffs are taxes or duties that are levied on imported goods. The aim of tariffs are to either raise the prices of imported products to at least the level of current domestic prices, or increase revenue for the government.

According to the World Trade Organization (WTO): “Customs duties on merchandise imports are called tariffs. Tariffs give a price advantage to locally-produced goods over similar goods which are imported, and they raise revenues for governments.”

In the video embedded below CNBC’s Uptin Saiidi explains how increased tariffs can impact an economy:

Non-tariff barriers to trade

According to the Southern African Development Community (SADC), “a Non-Tariff Barrier is any obstacle to international trade that is not an import or export duty. They may take the form of import quotas, subsidies, customs delays, technical barriers, or other systems preventing or impeding trade.”

Non-tariff barriers to trade include:

subsidies – money given by a government directly to domestic companies, farmers, organizations and other entities to encourage production, increase exports, and protect domestic businesses.
embargo – an official ban on trade with a particular country.
import licenses – a permit authorizing the importation of a specified quantity of certain goods during a specified period.
export licenses – grants an exporter the right to export a specific quantity of a commodity to a specified country.
import quotas – a limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country during a specified period.
currency devaluation – devaluation can help a country’s export competitiveness and also make imports more expensive for consumers.

The video embedded below provides detailed information on ten examples of non-tariff barriers:

When a nation imposes trade barriers on other countries there is a risk that the affected countries will retaliate with their own trade barriers. This can lead to what is known as a trade war.

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What are the barriers to international trade?

International trade is carried out by both businesses and governments—as long as no one puts up trade barriers. In general, trade barriers keep firms from selling to one another in foreign markets. The major obstacles to international trade are natural barriers, tariff barriers, and nontariff barriers.

Natural Barriers

Natural barriers to trade can be either physical or cultural. For instance, even though raising beef in the relative warmth of Argentina may cost less than raising beef in the bitter cold of Siberia, the cost of shipping the beef from South America to Siberia might drive the price too high. Distance is thus one of the natural barriers to international trade.

Language is another natural trade barrier. People who can’t communicate effectively may not be able to negotiate trade agreements or may ship the wrong goods.

Tariff Barriers

A tariff is a tax imposed by a nation on imported goods. It may be a charge per unit, such as per barrel of oil or per new car; it may be a percentage of the value of the goods, such as 5 percent of a $500,000 shipment of shoes; or it may be a combination. No matter how it is assessed, any tariff makes imported goods more costly, so they are less able to compete with domestic products.

Protective tariffs make imported products less attractive to buyers than domestic products. The United States, for instance, has protective tariffs on imported poultry, textiles, sugar, and some types of steel and clothing, and in March of 2018 the Trump administration added tariffs on steel and aluminum from most countries. On the other side of the world, Japan imposes a tariff on U.S. cigarettes that makes them cost 60 percent more than Japanese brands. U.S. tobacco firms believe they could get as much as a third of the Japanese market if there were no tariffs on cigarettes. With tariffs, they have under 2 percent of the market.

Arguments for and against Tariffs

Congress has debated the issue of tariffs since 1789. The main arguments for tariffs include the following:

Tariffs protect infant industries. A tariff can give a struggling new domestic industry time to become an effective global competitor.
Tariffs protect U.S. jobs. Unions and others say tariffs keep foreign labor from taking away U.S. jobs.
Tariffs aid in military preparedness. Tariffs should protect industries and technology during peacetime that are vital to the military in the event of war.

The main arguments against tariffs include the following:

Tariffs discourage free trade, and free trade lets the principle of competitive advantage work most efficiently.
Tariffs raise prices, thereby decreasing consumers’ purchasing power. In 2017, the United States imposed tariffs of 63.86 percent to 190.71 percent on a wide variety of Chinese steel products. The idea was to give U.S. steel manufacturers a fair market after the Department of Commerce concluded their antidumping and anti-subsidy probes. It is still too early to determine what the effects of these tariffs will be, but higher steel prices are likely. Heavy users of steel, such as construction and automobile industries, will see big increases in their production costs. It is also likely that China may impose tariffs on certain U.S. products and services and that any negotiations on intellectual property and piracy will bog down.
Wendy Wu, “China Upset at High U.S. Tariffs on Steel Imports,” South China Morning Post, http://www.scmp.com, February 4, 2017.

Nontariff Barriers

Governments also use other tools besides tariffs to restrict trade. One type of nontariff barrier is the import quota, or limits on the quantity of a certain good that can be imported. The goal of setting quotas is to limit imports to the specific amount of a given product. The United States protects its shrinking textile industry with quotas. A complete list of the commodities and products subject to import quotas is available on line at the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency website.

A complete ban against importing or exporting a product is an embargo. Often embargoes are set up for defense purposes. For instance, the United States does not allow various high-tech products, such as supercomputers and lasers, to be exported to countries tha